{"id":2470,"date":"2026-06-13T20:13:41","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T18:13:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.trader-france.com\/?p=2470"},"modified":"2026-06-13T20:55:18","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T18:55:18","slug":"tutoriel-de-maquillage-economique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.trader-france.com\/index.php\/2026\/06\/13\/tutoriel-de-maquillage-economique\/","title":{"rendered":"Tutoriel de Maquillage Economique : techniques pour faire croire qu&rsquo;une \u00c9conomie va bien alors qu&rsquo;elle va mal"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comment transformer une mauvaise situation en bonne nouvelle<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comment la pr\u00e9sentation des chiffres peut influencer la perception. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Critique centr\u00e9 sur la communication, le cadrage et la s\u00e9lection des indicateurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Niveau 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 1 : Choisir le bon indicateur<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vous avez une \u00e9conomie qui stagne ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ne parlez pas du PIB par habitant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parlez de :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>la croissance trimestrielle plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;annuelle ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la croissance nominale plut\u00f4t que r\u00e9elle ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>un secteur particulier qui va bien.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab L&rsquo;\u00e9conomie progresse de 0,3 %. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cela sonne mieux que :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab Le revenu moyen des habitants baisse depuis trois ans. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 2 : Changer la p\u00e9riode de comparaison<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le secret le plus ancien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si les ventes baissent par rapport \u00e0 l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>comparez-les au mois pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>comparez-les au point bas d&rsquo;il y a deux ans ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>choisissez la p\u00e9riode qui vous avantage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab Hausse spectaculaire de 15 % ! \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Par rapport \u00e0 un mois catastrophique.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 3 : Red\u00e9finir le ch\u00f4mage<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L&#8217;emploi est un terrain de jeu statistique extraordinaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On peut :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>distinguer plusieurs cat\u00e9gories ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>exclure certains demandeurs d&#8217;emploi ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mettre l&rsquo;accent sur les cr\u00e9ations de postes plut\u00f4t que sur leur qualit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab Le ch\u00f4mage recule. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pendant que :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>le temps partiel subi augmente ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>l&rsquo;inactivit\u00e9 progresse ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>certains sortent simplement des statistiques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 4 : Diluer l&rsquo;inflation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le citoyen constate :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>+20 % sur l&rsquo;alimentation ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>+30 % sur l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>+40 % sur certains loyers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le statisticien r\u00e9pond :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab L&rsquo;inflation est de 2,4 %. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pourquoi ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parce qu&rsquo;un indice est une moyenne pond\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le prix des t\u00e9l\u00e9viseurs ou des ordinateurs peut compenser statistiquement une flamb\u00e9e du panier alimentaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le chiffre n&rsquo;est pas faux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais il peut \u00eatre \u00e9loign\u00e9 du ressenti r\u00e9el de nombreux m\u00e9nages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 5 : C\u00e9l\u00e9brer la dette cr\u00e9atrice de croissance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vous empruntez 100 milliards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le PIB augmente de 20 milliards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Communiqu\u00e9 officiel :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab La croissance est au rendez-vous. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Question g\u00eanante :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab Combien de dette a-t-il fallu cr\u00e9er pour produire cette croissance ? \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ratio entre dette cr\u00e9\u00e9e et richesse r\u00e9ellement produite<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 6 : Utiliser les moyennes<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les moyennes sont vos meilleures amies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si un milliardaire entre dans un village de 100 habitants :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>le revenu moyen explose ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>personne n&rsquo;est devenu plus riche.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La moyenne peut masquer :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>les \u00e9carts de patrimoine ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les \u00e9carts de revenus ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la concentration de la richesse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 7 : Cr\u00e9er des indicateurs composites<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lorsque les donn\u00e9es simples sont mauvaises :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Construisez un indice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plus l&rsquo;indice est complexe, moins il est contestable publiquement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab L&rsquo;indice avanc\u00e9 de confiance \u00e9conomique dynamique progresse de 0,7 point. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Personne ne sait exactement ce que cela signifie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais cela para\u00eet scientifique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 8 : R\u00e9p\u00e9ter le chiffre favorable<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une r\u00e8gle de communication plus que d&rsquo;\u00e9conomie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un seul chiffre positif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>croissance ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>inflation ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>emploi ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d\u00e9ficit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Peu importe lequel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il doit devenir le titre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les vingt autres chiffres moins favorables iront page 14 du rapport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Niveau 2 : Le maquillage mon\u00e9taire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Par exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cr\u00e9er de la croissance gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la dette<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si l&rsquo;\u00c9tat emprunte massivement pour financer des d\u00e9penses, le PIB augmente m\u00e9caniquement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le PIB mesure une activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il ne mesure pas forc\u00e9ment :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>sa rentabilit\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sa durabilit\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 rembourser la dette cr\u00e9\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une \u00e9conomie peut afficher une croissance correcte tout en devenant plus fragile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gonfler les prix des actifs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une banque centrale peut injecter \u00e9norm\u00e9ment de liquidit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00e9sultat :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>actions en hausse ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>immobilier en hausse ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>obligations en hausse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les m\u00e9dias titrent :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab\u00a0La richesse des m\u00e9nages progresse.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais il s&rsquo;agit souvent d&rsquo;une hausse du prix des actifs, pas forc\u00e9ment d&rsquo;une hausse de la production r\u00e9elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Niveau 3 : Le maquillage par le PIB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le PIB compte la production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais il ne distingue pas toujours :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>une d\u00e9pense utile ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>une d\u00e9pense impos\u00e9e ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>une r\u00e9paration d&rsquo;un dommage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemple caricatural :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une inondation d\u00e9truit une ville.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La reconstruction augmente le PIB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pourtant la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 n&rsquo;est pas plus riche qu&rsquo;avant l&rsquo;inondation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On a simplement remplac\u00e9 ce qui existait d\u00e9j\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Niveau 4 : Le maquillage d\u00e9mographique<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une \u00e9conomie peut afficher :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PIB +2 %<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cela para\u00eet positif.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais si la population augmente de 3 % :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le PIB par habitant baisse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le citoyen moyen peut donc s&rsquo;appauvrir dans une \u00e9conomie officiellement \u00ab\u00a0en croissance\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est un point souvent oubli\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Niveau 5 : Le maquillage par les moyennes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On peut aller beaucoup plus loin que mon exemple du milliardaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Imaginons :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>les 10 % les plus riches gagnent \u00e9norm\u00e9ment ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les 90 % restants stagnent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le revenu moyen augmente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le revenu m\u00e9dian peut rester bloqu\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Or le revenu m\u00e9dian d\u00e9crit souvent mieux la situation du citoyen \u00ab\u00a0typique\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Niveau 6 : Le maquillage par les r\u00e9visions statistiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est un m\u00e9canisme fascinant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les premi\u00e8res estimations sont publi\u00e9es rapidement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Puis elles sont r\u00e9vis\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Souvent les gros titres concernent la premi\u00e8re publication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les corrections ult\u00e9rieures re\u00e7oivent beaucoup moins d&rsquo;attention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parfois l&rsquo;histoire racont\u00e9e dans les m\u00e9dias reste celle de la premi\u00e8re version.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Niveau 7 : Le maquillage par la d\u00e9finition de l&rsquo;inflation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00e0 on entre dans un d\u00e9bat technique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les indices officiels utilisent :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>des paniers repr\u00e9sentatifs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>des pond\u00e9rations ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>des ajustements de qualit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces m\u00e9thodes ont souvent de bonnes raisons statistiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais elles peuvent produire un chiffre tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rent de l&rsquo;inflation ressentie par certains groupes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un retrait\u00e9, un \u00e9tudiant et un propri\u00e9taire n&rsquo;ont pas du tout le m\u00eame panier de consommation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Niveau 8 : Le maquillage par les promesses futures<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est probablement le plus sophistiqu\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On ne montre pas la situation actuelle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On montre :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>un objectif ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>une trajectoire ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>une pr\u00e9vision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab\u00a0La dette va commencer \u00e0 diminuer \u00e0 partir de 2029.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La promesse concerne le futur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 actuelle est parfois beaucoup moins favorable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.achat-or-et-argent.fr\/entry-876901,4361327,42493\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.trader-france.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/300_x_250_5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-720\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.achat-or-et-argent.fr\/entry-876901,22208387,113506529i\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.trader-france.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/250_x_250_7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-753\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.achat-or-et-argent.fr\/entry-876901,22324277,128178203i\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.trader-france.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/300_x_250_3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-755\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Comment transformer une mauvaise situation en bonne nouvelle Comment la pr\u00e9sentation des chiffres peut influencer la perception. Critique centr\u00e9 sur la communication, le cadrage et la s\u00e9lection des indicateurs. Niveau 1 \u00c9tape 1 : Choisir le bon indicateur Vous avez une \u00e9conomie qui stagne ? Ne parlez pas du PIB par habitant. Parlez de : [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2472,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2470","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-statistiques-economiques"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tutoriel de Maquillage Economique : techniques pour faire croire qu&#039;une \u00c9conomie va bien alors qu&#039;elle va mal - Trader France<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.trader-france.com\/index.php\/2026\/06\/13\/tutoriel-de-maquillage-economique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tutoriel de Maquillage Economique : techniques pour faire croire qu&#039;une \u00c9conomie va bien alors qu&#039;elle va mal - Trader France\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Comment transformer une mauvaise situation en bonne nouvelle Comment la pr\u00e9sentation des chiffres peut influencer la perception. 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